died, as did her younger brother. At the same time as starvation killed so many, five families died out from typhus.

TESTIMONY OF MR. LEONID PETRENKO OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA

I was bora in April 1928 and was five years old during the famine. I remember when our cow was taken from the cattle shed. In order to take the cow out, the shed had to be unlocked with the key. My sister and I hid the key, and the people who came to take the cow away were unable to do so.
I also remember a time when my mother picked up some kernels of grain from the ground and was sentenced to two weeks in jail by the village Soviets.
I remember my oldest brother died of starvation. I also remember picking flowers and eating them. Some children fell ill from the plants they had eaten.
Dr. SAMILENKO-TSVETKOV: The next testimony is of Tamara Burda of Phoenix, Arizona.

TESTIMONY OF MS. TAMARA BURDA OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA

At the time of the famine I was three years old, and I remember crying from hunger. My sister would rock me to sleep and say that I would soon be asleep and not feel the pangs of hunger. This sister died of starvation herself. Her name was Klava.

I also remember a large apple orchard surrounded by a fence—the Ivanytsky or¬chard near the town of Pomishna where we lived. We would go there and stand out¬side because they would not allow us to go in. Children were not allowed in the or¬chard, but in the morning we would find apples outside our door.

Senator DeCONCINI: Thank you very much. I wish to express our appreciation personally to your father coming forward. It’s got to be difficult, and I hesitate to strain him or you any more.
But, it’s so unreal that these sorts of things could happen. I wonder if you care to share with
us if there was knowledge of the people living in the villages who were suf¬fering, that this was perpetrated from Moscow, and I wonder if you could ask him that.
Mr. PETRENKO: Yes, people were definitely aware of it.
Senator DeCONCINI: How did they know that? Did they have printings of propaganda, or did they have military people from Moscow giving orders, or can you relate to us how that was known?
Mr. PETRENKO: I’m sorry. Would you clarify? How did they know what?
Senator DeCONCINI: How did the villagers know that this was a Moscow directed famine?
Mr. PETRENKO: The fact is known that the government was directed from Mos¬cow, and any local officials, they were all appointed or supervised by government from Moscow.
It also was known for those that were travelling, that had means to travel to Mos¬cow at the same time, when we had hunger in our village, there was an abundance of