for sale in the mine. The miners were able to buy the vegetables with their salary, but those who worked in the garden received 600 grams of bread per day, which was not enough for them to eat.

I remember how these women would stand in line in the cafeteria with their small bowls and cry for more. I was given 400 grams of bread a day and sometimes a glass of groats. When the garden produce ripened, some of the girls would bring me some. During the potato harvest they did receive more food than otherwise, but at other times it was very bad. I did not bring home any of the garden vegetables, because stealing them was punished severely. Those who could get food hid it.

I saw plenty of hungry people on the street. They would come to the city to try to sell their clothes for food. People of all ages came to the cafeteria where I worked to beg for food. We gave them potato peels which they would take home to eat I did not see any dead bodies in the mine because here a little bit of food was given out I heard rumors of cannibalism but did not know of any specific instances.

During the famine I did not receive any letters from my village. When I returned there, I saw the empty houses of those who had been exiled and those who had died of starvation. Many said they had survived by gleaning kernels of wheat from the fields, but this was dangerous because the authorities punished it severely. The villagers had also eaten the acacia flowers when they blossomed.

My cousin, who stayed in the village had three children, of which only the eldest sur¬vived the famine was taken in by his grandfather because both his parents had also starved to death. They lived two houses away from my family. They had been in a col¬lective farm but were given no bread. The people there were not given the bread they had been promised for their labor days. And so they starved.

TESTIMONY OF MR. MYKOLA PETRENKO OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA

I was born in 1898. My grandfather had seven desiatynas (19 acres) of land. After the serfs were freed (1861), he was educated and learned to read Church Slavonic. Under the tsar the Ukrainian language was not allowed. All the schools taught in Rus¬sian. I was drafted into the Russian Army. We sang God Save the Tsar,

The 1920s were very good. The peasants got back the lands that had been taken from them at the time of the emancipation and those of the local landlords besides. But later this land was taken back and turned over to the International Collective Farm.

My father was dekulakhed and sent to Siberia, and my house and cow were also taken away. This was in 1930. In the 1920s I had worked loading ballast; in the 1930s I worked on the machine tractor station repairing machines. After my house was taken, I changed my name and my job.

The village where I lived was near Odessa. I lived in a small broken-down house and had a son, but he died. He was always asking me if he could eat the leaves. My oldest daughter also died. I dug the graves for both my children myself in a place where relatives of mine who died earlier of starvation were also buried.

During the famine, many of my friends in the village died. The entire Kurylo family died out, for example. Sometimes the parents died leaving children. My wife’s father