Ms. MAZURKEVICH: You said that the police would check to see if the meat being sold was human or if it was dog meat Do you know of anyone that was arrested for selling human flesh?
Mr. KEIS: Every day I would go to work through a marketplace and almost every other day the police would run around checking to see who was selling meat. You could tell who the people were who were selling dog meat, cat meat or human meat because as soon as they saw the police coming, they would run away.
Ms. MAZURKEVICH: Thank you.
Senator DeCONCINI: Our next witness is A. Butkovska.
Dr. SAMILENKO-TSVETKOV: With the permission of the witness, I will read the testimony of Mrs. Butkovska of San Francisco.

TESTIMONY OF MS. A. BUTKOVSKA1 OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

During the famine of 1932-33, I lived in the city of Kharkiv. The urban population received very meager rations. The state issued ration cards according to which civilian employees in state enterprises received 400 to 600 grams of bread per day, and their dependents received an additional 300 grams. Workers in heavy industry and those with skills that were in heavy demand received one kilogram of bread per day.

It was also theoretically possible to get other foodstuffs with one’s ration cards: flour, fat, vegetables were in reality almost impossible to get, while other foods such as meat, fish or sugar were completely impossible to obtain. Except for privileged in¬dividuals who belonged to special cooperative stores, the only way to get such items was to buy them on the limited free market. It was almost impossible to survive without buying at least some vegetables at such markets.

Bread remained the basic staple for most people, and often it was a person’s only food. Losing one’s job for one reason or another automatically meant losing one’s ra¬tion card, that is, the right to have anything at all to eat.

With the beginning of the forced collectivization of agriculture in 1930, the amount of food brought to urban markets dropped sharply. In the fall of 1932, food became scarce in such market places in Kharkiv. First we heard rumors, and then we learned the facts of what was taking place in the countryside.

After the harvest was brought in, the village, as always, handed over to the state the requisite quantity of grain and other produce in the form of compulsory procurements. Then the state sent the so-called tow brigades, which went house to house collecting the remnants of bread people had kept for their own nourishment. They used brooms to sweep up the last kernel of wheat from the store-rooms. They picked over every¬thing in the cattle-sheds. They used special iron-tipped pikes to poke the earth. They peered into walls and behind stoves. Those who had concealed even a little bread were punished severely. They were arrested as enemies of the people and were sent to concentration camps far away.