The ground thawed, and they began to take the dead to the ravine in ox carts. The air was filled with the ubiquitous odor of decomposing bodies. The wind carried this odor far and wide. It was thus over all of Ukraine.
Mr. MARCHISHIN: Thank you very much.
Congressman Hertel has joined us here, and I would like to ask him to assume the Chairmanship at this time.
I would like to observe that if the other testifiers have problems, they can certainly take their time and compose themselves.
Congressman HERTEL: I just want to thank you, on behalf of not only this Con¬gress and this Commission, for your testimony. How difficult it must be to bring up all of the horrible things that have happened, but it is very important to the world that you come before us today. And we very much appreciate your courage and the pain that you have suffered. And thank you for that, sharing your remembrances and facts, and the terrible things that were done with this.
We thank you very much.
Questions from the Commission?
(No response)
Thank you very much.
Mr. Ivan J. Danilenko of New Jersey is next.
Did you want to say something?
Ms. PAWLICHKA (through interpreter): I do have something to add which is not written there, but I would say this in Ukrainian.
Congressman HERTEL: Please.
Ms. PAWLICHKA (through interpreter): They would come to school, trying to seduce the children with candies and sweetmeats, in order to get them to betray their parents, to get them to tell the authorities where they had hidden the food.

For 15 years, I, my friends, my sons, everyone who remembers the famine remem¬bers the vivid pictures of children lying on the frozen ground with their eyes open and glazed. And it was these eyes, the image of these glassy, dead eyes that accompanied me throughout my Journeys in Europe.
That’s all.

Congressman HERTEL: We all thank you very much, and can only imagine how difficult it is for you to recall of the events. And we thank you for coming today, we thank you very much.
Mr. Danilenko.
TESTIMONY OF MR. IVAN J. DANILENKO
We lived in a rural area of the Central Poltava region. My father owned four hec¬tares of land, approximately ten and a half acres. There were five children in the fami¬ly, sixteen to one and a half years in age at the peak of starvation in 1933. First, as col¬lectivization proceeded, food shortages began. As successive grain quotas increased foodstuffs gradually began to diminish. By about 1931, my father made several trips to Kuban to trade some of my mother’s clothing for flour. Soon there were no garments left and travel became difficult At the same time the grain procurements campaign in-