*Please note that pages 31-38 are not included because they do not contain curriculum material on the Holodomor or any other Communist genocide.

Appendix B

The Ukrainian Genocide

Genocide by a leftist government

Even less known than the Armenian Genocide is the famine of 1932-33 in
Ukraine, during which five to seven million Ukrainians died because of official
Soviet policies that created a famine artificially. The Jewish Holocaust was
committed by a Fascist totalitarian dictatorship in the name of racial purity.
The Armenian Genocide was committed by an authoritarian dictatorship
determined to transform a traditional multinational dynastic entity into a
powerful modern state by destroying a nation that the leadership viewed as a
hindrance to the power of that state. The Ukrainian Genocide was committed
by a Communist totalitarian government which considered the Ukrainians a
hindrance to the achievement of that regime’s goals. Contrasting and compar-
ing the Jewish, Armenian, and Ukrainian case studies is thus important in
demonstrating the universality of genocide and collective victimization in the
twentieth century. The Ukrainian famine falls within the definition of genocide
provided by international convention in that actions defined by convention as
genocidal were committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnic, racial, or religious group as follows: I

1. Killing members of the group. Members of specifically targeted groups
(Ukrainians, Cossacks, and Soviet Germans) perished because of an
official policy of seizing foodstuffs at a time when clear warnings of
impending famine had been received by responsible Soviet officials,
and the outbreak of mass starvation was followed by the intensification
of such seizures. Moreover, this policy was accomplished by mass
executions of Ukrainian national elites and the reversal of Soviet
nationality policy from one which attempted to gain a measure of
national legitimacy among non-Russians by means of officially spon-
soring their national cultural development to one of suppressing every
attempt at non-Russian national cultural self-assertion.

2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. Those
who survived the famine suffered all the bodily harm of starvation, and
many suffered physical and emotional abuse in the course of grain
searches and seizures carried out in conditions of extreme brutality.
Survivors also suffered and often continue to suffer from their emo-
tional traumatizatlon.

3. Creating a famine that would not have occurred in the absence of
compulsory grain seizures in the Ukrainian SSR and the North
Caucasus. This action constitutes deliberately inflicting on the group
conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in
whole or in part

Intent is implicit in the policy of seizing foodstuffs from the starving and in
official attempts to prevent the starving from migrating from Ukraine and the
North Caucasus to Russia where food was available and to prevent food being
carried into Ukraine by Soviet citizens traveling there from other parts of the

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