world’s most civilized nations participated in the
systematic murder of millions of innocent people.

Students should understand the nature of totali-
tarian rule… and learn to recognize the importance
of… safeguards of individual rights,… the role of
the individual in mass society, … the ethical re-
sponsibility of the individual… .

During the unit on World War II, students learn of
the collaboration in 1939 of Nazi Germany with
Soviet communists to partition Poland and eventu-
ally to eliminate Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia,
while still denying freedom and independence to
Armenia and Ukraine. Students study, as one con-
sequence of World War II, the genocide committed
in Cambodia by the Pol Pot regime.

When studying the unit on the Soviet Union and
China, students examine the human consequences
of both revolutions in terms of the millions of “class
enemies” and political dissidents who were mur-
dered during and after the revolutions. …

During the unit on the “Middle East: Israel and
Syria,” studies include the problems of the dis-
placed Palestinian refugee, the recurrent use of
terrorism,… and the Holocaust as a factor in the
creation of Israel in L948.

In the unit on sub-Saharan Africa, students learn
about the enslavement of ten million Africans be-
tween the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries and
the effects on Africa of this systematic depletion by
European slave traders of young men and women.
In South Africa, the system of apartheid… system-
atically denies legal opportunity and political power
to the black majority.

Grade Eleven
United States History and Geography: Continu-
ity and Change in the Twentieth Century. The
course examines major turning points in American
history in the twentieth century…; for example, the
continuing tension between the individual and the
state and between minority rights and majority
power…. and the movements toward equal rights
for racial minorities and women. . ..

In the first review unit, students learn about the
Enlightenment and the rise of democratic ideas…
When studying the Progressive Era, students dis-
cuss the founding of organizations such as the
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the
National Association for the Advancement of Col-
ored People (NAACP) to defend unpopular views and

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